Afrikaners                                         Kaffir Wars                                               50^th Ordinance
Louis Joseph Papineau                     The Family Compact                                "Sydney or the Bush"
Van Dieman's Land                         Edward Gibbon Wakefield                       Letter from Sydney
Colonial Emigration Committee      Swan River Colony                                  Treaty of Waitangi
William Bentinck                             Suttee & Thuggee                                     Young Bengal
Shah Sujah                                       Sierra Leone                                              Gold Coast
Council of Merchants                      Anti-Slavery Society                                 Great Trek
Zulus                                                Lord Durham                                             Act of Union
Responsible Government                "Fifty-four forty or fight"                          Free Trade
"Millstone round our neck"             Colonial Laws Validity Act                      Rebellion Losses Act
Old Haileybury                               "John Company"                                        Nabobs
Van Diemen's Land                        Sir George Arthur                                      Bush Rangers
Hobart                                             The Swag-Man                                           Sheep-run

Old Haileybury: Lord Wellesley lifted the reforms of the Indian Civil Service on to a higher plane.  His hatred of oppression and dishonesty was equaled by his belief in the need for enlightenment.  He supported the Church establishment in the Presidency cities and encouraged the work of the chaplains.  It was his desire to raise the moral and intellectual level of the Company's servants, an aim which he hoped to reach by education.  No longer adventurers or traders, they were to be statesmen and soldiers worthy to represent a Christian king.  In 1800 he founded a college at Calcutta where the young civilians were to trained in literature, science and oriental languages.  When it proved more convenient to carry out this training before the young men left England, the East India college was founded at Haileybury in 1806.  For fifty years fifty young men were sent out annually from Old Haileybury to the civil service of 'John Company', as they affectionately nicknamed it; and few educational establishments can boast more eminent pupils.  The college was conceived as something like a university, providing courses in Law, History, Political Economy and Oriental Languages, for students who commenced with a public school education.  The staff were men of distinction, the most celebrated being the Rev. T. R. Malthus, the Professor of History. . . . They were strongly tinged with evangelical Protestantism and, if not all devout men, equally demonstrated the stoic habits of the Puritan.  Scrupulously honest and even-handed, conscientious in the discharge of their duties, fearless, ruthless, and insensitive, they gave their lives to the service of India, ruling it with disinterested fervour. . . . slowly the patter of English life in India changed.  The old corrupt fortune-hunters, 'nabobs', the men who went to the East, to 'shake the pagoda-tree' (pagodas being gold coins of Golconda), were replaced by new men to whom empire was a trust and work for it a pious duty.

Van Diemen's Land: Van Diemen's Land was separated from New South Wales in 1824 and made a distinct colony under Sir George Arthur, a puritan and a martinet.  This beautiful and fertile island with its soft English climate was made hell by 'man's hate'.  Nearly half the population (7,449 out of 16,924 at the census of 1828) were convicts, many of them second offenders in punishment camps; the other half, the settlers, waged a perpetual war of extermination against the blacks, pathetic relics of the Old Stone Age with whom no civilized contact seemed possible.  Nothing could make them understand the white man's notions of property in land or the difference between untended sheep and wild game.  No considerable effort was made to come to terms with them until Governor Arthur decided to bring them to parley and to locate them for their own protection.  To do this he was obliged to drive the country, at a cost of L30,000.  Elusive to the last, they slipped through his cordons, vanishing into the bush; or merely died to avoid the menace of civilization.  The survivors, penned at last in one peninsula, were removed to Flinders Island where forty-four still lived in 1847.  The last full-blood died in 1876.
Between the settlers and the convicts in each of the penal colonies was a marginal population of runaways who had taken to the Bush, and lived by stealing sheep or raiding the remoter homesteads.  These were the bush rangers--the name is first recorded at Sydney in 1806--who reached their prime in Van Diemen's Land.  Michael Howe, the worst of them, was hunted down and killed in 1818.  An atmosphere of false romance idealized these southern Robin Hoods; among them Martin Cash, who twice escaped from the punishment camp at Port Arthur, came nearest to deserving it.  Governor Arthur was obliged to wage a regular campaign against the bush rangers of his day.  For two years Matthew Brady, 'governor of the ranges', defied the Governor of Hobart Town until he was taken (1826) by a bold pioneer, John Batman, afterwards renowned as the founder of Melbourne.  The colony, so cursed in its birth, now knew tranquility and the free settlers blessed the name of Governor Arthur.  He reappeared in imperial history as the 'timid and inert' governor of Upper Canada who brought that province to disaster in 1838, having found that ruling free men was a harder task than ruling prisoners and savages. . . . Hobart, beneath its snowy mountain and beside its blue harbour, grew up an Italianate town with buildings of dressed stone.  Like Sydney it took shape before the Gothic Revival reached Australia.

The Swag-Man: Under the squatter aristocracy who began to enjoy an easy generous life in Tasmania and New South Wales, with more luxury than comfort or refinement, framing their social round upon the wool-sales, the horse-shows and the race-meetings, the work of the station-hands was monotonous and lonely.  A sheep-run (which in England would have been called a sheep-walk) was merely a string of 'stations' at each of which a shepherd lived alone in a bark hut guarding his flock against drought, bush-fires, dingoes, and marauding blacks, his only variety being made by the periodic visit of the overseer with his week's month's rations.  When he could endure the isolation no longer, the shepherd threw up his job, drew his cheque--at a rate of no more than L25 a year in the thirties--and cashed it at the nearest public-house.  There he stayed in drunken oblivion until his cheque was 'out', when he took the road as a 'sundowner' or 'swag-man' to tramp in search of another job.  The wandering swag-man bearing a bundle, like Christian in the old woodcuts of the Pilgrim's Progress, boiling his 'billy' of tea and cooking his 'damper' of kneaded flour in the ashes of a wood-fire, claiming as a right a night's lodging in his own blankets under any roof, is perhaps the typical figure of pastoral Australia, immortalized in the jargon of Waltzing Matilda, the national song.  Though many an immigrant tried his hand at shepherding, or tramped as a swag-man in search of employment, the greater number of those who worked for wages in the stations, out back, were old hands spoiled by the convict system for any more civilized way of life.  Shepherding was no occupation for a married man.  For roughing it in the bush the squatters preferred men 'without encumbrances', drawing single relations.  Later in the century came the migratory gangs of shearers, the aristocracy of Australian labour, who moved from station to station at shearing time.  With the extermination of the wild black-fellows and the dingoes from the south-east, it was no longer necessary to fold sheep at night.  The older type of shepherd was replaced by the mounted  boundary rider